The communist movement in Palestine and Israel is as old as the twentieth century upheavals that reshaped the Middle East. It is not the story of dominant political forces or large armies, but of a small and persistent current that, for over a century, has tried to carve out a political path distinct from partition, conquest, and exclusion. Palestinian and Israeli communists—Arabs and Jews—built joint organizations, resisted colonialism, opposed military occupation, and spoke for coexistence at moments when the surrounding climate favored division and hostility.