The recent escalation of vicious threats and coercive measures against Cuba by the Trump administration marks a new phase in a policy that is neither accidental nor episodic.
The tightening of sanctions, the targeting of fuel supplies, the intensification of financial restrictions, and the open rhetoric of intimidation together constitute a deliberate sharpening of economic warfare against the Cuban people.
What is unfolding today must be understood within the broader context of a generalized imperialist offensive, taking shape in conditions of deepening capitalist crisis. Economic coercion, sanctions regimes, and extraterritorial measures have become normalized instruments of class power on a global scale. In this framework, Cuba is not an isolated target but a strategic one. The attack on Cuba functions simultaneously as punishment and warning: punishment for a people that dared to break relations of dependency and expropriate capital, and warning to all others of the consequences of attempting a similar rupture.
To grasp why Cuba must be defended at all costs, it is necessary to move beyond moral appeals or abstract expressions of solidarity. The issue at stake is not sympathy, nor the defense of a distant cause. It is a question of class power, historical development, and the balance of forces between imperialism and the international working class.
Lenin’s analysis of imperialism remains indispensable precisely because it dispels illusions. Imperialism is not the product of particularly aggressive governments or misguided leaders; it is the necessary form assumed by capitalism at a certain stage of its development, when monopoly and finance capital dominate economic life and require political and military enforcement. Within this framework, the existence of a socialist state is intolerable not because of its rhetoric, but because of its material practice. Cuba did not merely replace one political leadership with another in 1959. It dismantled relations of dependency, expropriated foreign capital, and asserted social ownership over the decisive sectors of the economy. In doing so, it interrupted the mechanisms through which imperialism extracts value, disciplines labor, and reproduces its dominance.
The response was immediate and systematic. The blockade, sabotage, terrorist attacks, diplomatic isolation, and ideological warfare were not improvised reactions. They were the predictable instruments of a system that cannot coexist with alternatives. Imperialism does not tolerate exceptions; it seeks to erase them.
The blockade against Cuba has always functioned as a permanent counterrevolutionary mechanism. Its logic has never been military conquest, but social erosion. By restricting access to energy, medicine, spare parts, technology, credit, and trade, imperialism aims to disrupt the reproduction of socialist social relations themselves. This is why the targets are not abstract indicators, but concrete conditions of everyday life. Shortages are weaponized. Infrastructure is strained. Transport, production, and distribution are deliberately obstructed. Time, exhaustion, and uncertainty are transformed into political tools. The expectation is not that socialism will be overthrown through direct force, but that it will collapse under the cumulative pressure of material hardship.
Fidel Castro repeatedly warned that imperialism would attempt to defeat the revolution not only through open aggression, but through attrition. Yet he also emphasized that resistance under such conditions reshapes consciousness. Hardship, when interpreted correctly, does not automatically produce resignation or defeatism. It can also produce clarity. In this sense, Cuba’s endurance under siege is not passive survival; it is an ongoing ideological struggle conducted in conditions deliberately made hostile.
Cuba’s social achievements are often presented as isolated successes or statistical anomalies. This approach obscures their political content. Universal healthcare, free education, scientific development, cultural access, and social security are not neutral outcomes. They are the direct result of social ownership, central planning, and the exercise of working-class power. Under capitalism, even in its most developed forms, such guarantees remain subordinate to profitability. Under socialism, they become organizing principles. Cuba’s experience demonstrates, in practice rather than theory, that production organized for social use rather than private accumulation is not a utopian aspiration, but a viable historical alternative.
Che Guevara’s insistence on the moral and conscious dimensions of socialist construction is central to understanding this process. His emphasis on collective responsibility, social motivation, and the transformation of human relations was not ethical embellishment. It reflected a materialist understanding that socialism is not merely a rearrangement of property forms, but a struggle to overcome the social logic inherited from capitalism itself.
Cuba’s internationalist orientation emerged from this same clarity. It was not an optional moral stance, but the product of sober political assessment. As Lenin repeatedly warned, the existence of a socialist state in isolation, surrounded by an imperialist world system, inevitably entails immense pressure and heavy costs. International solidarity, therefore, is not generosity; it is a condition of survival. Cuba’s support for anti-colonial struggles, its internationalist missions, and its medical brigades were undertaken not in conditions of abundance, but of scarcity. They were acts of political realism, rooted in the understanding that fragmentation is imperialism’s most effective weapon and that solidarity, even when costly, strengthens resistance.
This is precisely why Cuba has been targeted so relentlessly. Internationalism undermines imperialism’s strategy of isolation. It exposes the global character of exploitation and reinforces the subjective capacity of oppressed peoples to resist. The attack on Cuba is therefore not only an attack on a specific country, but an attack on the principle of internationalism itself.
The defense of Cuba concerns the international working class directly. The message conveyed by imperialist aggression is unmistakable: any attempt to abolish capitalist property relations will be punished relentlessly. The objective is not only to defeat Cuba materially, but to present its defeat—if achieved—as historical proof that socialism is impossible. Such an outcome would have consequences far beyond the Caribbean. It would deepen defeatism, embolden reactionary forces, and reinforce the ideological hegemony of capital at a moment when capitalism itself is entering a period of intensified instability.
At this point, the historical significance of Cuba must be addressed without evasions. The counterrevolutionary overturns of 1989–1991 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union marked a profound setback in the global balance of class forces. They did not signify the “end of socialism,” but they did dramatically narrow the terrain of socialist construction. In the decades that followed, the international working class has confronted a world in which socialist transformation has been abandoned, distorted, or openly reversed in most places.
It is precisely within this historical rupture that Cuba’s role acquires exceptional weight. Despite its small size, despite suffocating imperialist pressure, and despite undeniable contradictions and difficulties, Cuba remains the only living example of a country that continues to attempt socialist construction on the basis of social ownership, planning, and working-class power, rather than market dominance and capitalist accumulation. This fact is not a moral judgment; it is an objective political reality.
Attempts to obscure this reality through false equivalences serve no emancipatory purpose. Capitalist restoration masked by socialist terminology, or systems dominated by market relations and capital accumulation, cannot substitute for socialist construction. Nor can forms of state survival that do not place the transformation of social relations at their core. Whatever their differences, such cases do not alter the historical truth that Cuba stands alone today as a reference point for socialism as a living project, not as a museum piece or rhetorical legacy.
For this reason, the defense of Cuba is not simply an act of solidarity with a besieged people. It is an act of strategic responsibility toward the international working class. To allow Cuba to be crushed, isolated, or forced into capitulation would not merely represent the defeat of one country. It would be used to seal the narrative that socialism belongs irrevocably to the past—that history has closed that chapter for good.
To defend Cuba is to reject that narrative in practice. It is to affirm that socialism is not a closed chapter of history, but a necessity born of capitalism’s own contradictions, contradictions that are deepening rather than receding. It is to defend the historical possibility that working people can still organize society on different foundations, even under conditions of extreme pressure.
For this reason, solidarity with Cuba cannot be episodic, symbolic, or rhetorical. It must be organized, political, and confrontational. It must challenge the legitimacy of the blockade, expose the criminal character of economic warfare, and mobilize working-class forces against imperialist aggression. For communist and workers’ parties, this is not a matter of preference. It is a test of internationalism. In conditions of imperialist assault, neutrality is not an intermediate position. Silence aligns objectively with the aggressor.
Capitalism today is marked by deep and sharpening structural contradictions: chronic economic instability, the permanent resort to militarization and war, increasingly authoritarian forms of governance, ecological devastation, and the systematic dismantling of social and labor rights. These phenomena are not accidental distortions of an otherwise functional system. They are the mature expression of capitalism’s historical limits. In this phase, the ruling classes are not merely managing crises; they are attempting to reorganize society in a way that permanently suppresses the possibility of systemic challenge.
Under these conditions, every living alternative becomes intolerable. Every historical experience that contradicts the narrative of capitalist inevitability must be erased, neutralized, or transformed into a harmless relic. It is in this sense that Cuba’s continued existence as a socialist project acquires decisive significance. Not because it claims perfection, but because it persists as a concrete negation of capitalist logic.
To understand this significance fully, one must confront directly the historical rupture produced by the counterrevolutionary overturns of 1989–1991 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union. That defeat did not mark the “end of socialism,” as bourgeois ideology endlessly proclaims. It marked a profound setback in the global balance of class forces, one whose consequences are still being felt. Since then, socialist construction has either been abandoned, reversed, or fundamentally distorted in most parts of the world.
In this post-counterrevolutionary landscape, Cuba occupies an objectively unique position. Despite its small size, despite relentless imperialist pressure, despite material scarcity and internal contradictions, Cuba remains the only country that continues to pursue socialist construction on the basis of social ownership, planning, and the primacy of working-class power over market relations and capital accumulation. This is not a matter of sentiment or loyalty; it is a material fact.
Attempts to blur this reality through false equivalences do not serve the working class. Capitalist restoration cloaked in socialist language, systems governed by the law of value and capital accumulation, or forms of state survival that do not place the transformation of social relations at their core cannot be treated as substitutes for socialist construction. Whatever their differences, such cases do not alter the central historical truth: Cuba stands today as the sole living reference point for socialism as a practical, ongoing process, not as a commemorative symbol of the past.
For this reason, the defense of Cuba transcends the boundaries of solidarity with a besieged nation. It becomes a question of strategic responsibility toward the international working class itself. To allow Cuba to be crushed, isolated, or forced into capitulation would not merely signify the defeat of one country. It would be mobilized ideologically to seal the argument that socialism belongs irreversibly to history, that the working class has no future beyond the management of capitalism’s crises.
To defend Cuba is to reject that argument in practice. It is to affirm that socialism is not a closed chapter of history, but a necessity born of capitalism’s own contradictions—contradictions that are intensifying rather than dissolving. It is to defend the historical possibility that working people can still organize society on different foundations, even under conditions of extreme pressure and hostility.
For this reason, solidarity with Cuba cannot be episodic, symbolic, or rhetorical. It must be organized, political, and confrontational. It must challenge the legitimacy of the blockade, expose the criminal character of economic warfare, and mobilize working-class forces against imperialist aggression. For communist and workers’ parties, this is not a question of preference or tone. It is a test of internationalism itself. In conditions of imperialist assault, neutrality is not an intermediate position; silence aligns objectively with the aggressor.
There is no comfortable middle ground. Either imperialism succeeds in suffocating socialist Cuba, or the international working class asserts its capacity to resist, to learn from historical defeats, and to re-enter history as an active force. Fidel Castro warned that revolutions are not destroyed only by external force, but by the erosion of solidarity and historical confidence. The defense of Cuba today is therefore a test—not of Cuba alone, but of the international workers’ movement as a whole.
Defending socialist Cuba is not a matter of sentiment, but a concrete historical task of the international working class — a task that must be carried out at all costs.
* Nikos Mottas is the Editor-in-Chief of In Defense of Communism.
